こと (koto)
~こと — must ~ (written rule or instruction)
Pattern
-
V辞書形+ことDictionary form + こと -
Vない形+ことない-form + こと
Usage
Often seen on notices at schools, workplaces and facilities, and in memos and instructions. The action is nominalized and placed at the end: 廊下を走らないこと, 提出日は守ること. It sounds objective and rule-like compared with ~しなさい.
When to use
Speaking this way to a superior is usually rude, though teachers or parents may say it to children or students. A prohibition with ~ないこと is more businesslike than ~てはいけません.
Examples
-
廊下(ろうか)を走(はし)らないこと。
Rōka o hashiranai koto.
Do not run in the hallway.
-
図書館(としょかん)では静(しず)かにすること。
Toshokan de wa shizuka ni suru koto.
Be quiet in the library.
-
締(し)め切(き)りは必(かなら)ず守(まも)ること。
Shimekiri wa kanarazu mamoru koto.
Be sure to meet the deadline.
Common mistakes
- Used toward a superior it becomes a command and is rude. Use ~てください for requests.
- Do not add です after the sentence-final こと.
More grammar points
- ばいい ~ばいい — you just have to ~, it is fine to just ~
- べきだ ~べきだ — should ~, ought to ~
- べきではない ~べきではない — should not ~
- ことはない ~ことはない — there is no need to ~
- てごらん ~てごらん — gentle “try ~ing”
- ても構(かま)わない ~ても構わない — “I don't mind if ~ / it's all right to ~”
- わけにはいかない ~わけにはいかない — “can’t (afford to) ~”
- 上(あ)げる ~上げる — to finish ~ completely
- あまり あまりの~に — so ~ that ~
- あまりにも あまりにも — far too ~, excessively
- 合(あ)う ~合う — do ~ to each other; to fit, to suit
- ばよかった ~ばよかった — I should have ~, if only I had ~
- ば~ほど ~ば~ほど — the more ~, the more ~
- ば~のに ~ば~のに — if only ~, then ~ (regret)
- ばかりで ~ばかりで — only ~ (and nothing else, with a negative feeling)
- ばかりでなく ~ばかりでなく — not only ~ but also ~
- 別(べつ)に~ない 別に~ない — not particularly ~
- ぶりに ~ぶりに — for the first time in ~ (a period)
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