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JLPT N4 · Compound verbs & suffixes

出(だ)す (dasu)

~出す — “start ~ing suddenly”

In short · Verb stem + 出す means that an action suddenly begins: ‘burst into ~ / start to ~’. It is attached to the ます-stem of a verb and often fits actions like crying, laughing and raining that start without warning.
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Pattern

  • 動詞ます形の語幹+出す verb stem + 出す (泣き出す, 降り出す)

Connection

Drop ます and add 出す: 泣きます → 泣き出す, 降ります → 降り出す, 笑います → 笑い出す. 出す conjugates like a normal verb: 泣き出した, 泣き出しました.

Nuance

It stresses that something starts suddenly and often unexpectedly. 急に (suddenly) goes naturally with it: 急に赤ちゃんが泣き出しました. It is used for actions beyond the speaker's control, like weather and emotions.

Compared with 始める

~始める is a neutral ‘begin to’ and can describe planned actions (勉強し始める). ~出す is for sudden starts. You usually cannot use ~出す for planned actions: 勉強し出す sounds unnatural when it is deliberate.

Examples

  • 急(きゅう)に赤(あか)ちゃんが泣(な)き出(だ)しました。

    Kyū ni akachan ga nakidashimashita.

    The baby suddenly burst into tears.

    泣く → 泣き + 出す.

  • 空(そら)が暗(くら)くなって、雨(あめ)が降(ふ)り出(だ)した。

    Sora ga kuraku natte, ame ga furidashita.

    The sky grew dark and it started to rain.

    降る → 降り + 出す.

  • その話(はなし)を聞(き)いて、みんなが笑(わら)い出(だ)した。

    Sono hanashi o kiite, minna ga waraidashita.

    Hearing that story, everyone burst out laughing.

    笑う → 笑い + 出す.

Common mistakes

  • Attach to the stem: 泣き出す, not 泣くだす or 泣きますだす.
  • Don't use it for planned actions. For those use ~始める.

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