Passive (be ~ed)

② Nepali grammar rules

1. Passive खोलियो versus intransitive खुल्यो

ढोका खोलियो (the door was opened) is passive was opened, from खोल्नु; ढोका खुल्यो (the door opened) is intransitive opened, from खुल्नु.
Similar translated subjects do not make them the same verb construction.

2. Present, past and negative passive

Compare लेखिन्छ/लेखियो/लेखिएन for present, past and negative past passive.
Active लेख्छ is not passive merely because its ending contains छ.

3. Agents with द्वारा

शिक्षकद्वारा लेखिएको (written by the teacher) names an agent in a formal passive modifier. शिक्षकले लेख्नुभयो (the teacher wrote it, respectful) is an active respectful clause.
Changing perspective affects both participant marking and verb form.

4. द्वारा versus मार्फत

हुलाकमार्फत means through the post; प्रतिनिधिमार्फत through a representative. मार्फत highlights a channel/intermediary, whereas द्वारा can identify an agent/means.
Transmission through someone does not automatically make that person the agent.

5. Impersonal -इयो

आज धेरै हिँडियो (there was a lot of walking today) is an impersonal account of much walking, not a passive of a walked object. म धेरै हिँडेँ (I walked a lot) instead has an explicit first-person active subject.

Related forms taught in this topic