Inference / opinion / possibility (I think / probably / might / must be)

② Nepali grammar rules

1. Opinions with मलाई लाग्छ (I think/it seems to me that…)

मलाई लाग्छ (I think/it seems to me that…)… marks an experiencer in मलाई and introduces an impression. …भन्ने लाग्छ (it seems/thinks that…, following the content) can frame the content with भन्ने; it need not report spoken words literally.

2. हो, होला and हुन सक्छ (may be; can be)

यो ठीक हो (this is correct) asserts correctness; यो ठीक होला (this is probably correct) supposes it; यो ठीक हुन सक्छ (this may be correct) allows the possibility. होला and हुन सक्छ (may be; can be) do not encode fixed numerical probabilities.

3. Supposition about completion

उहाँ जानुभएको होला (he/she has probably gone) supposes that the person has gone.
It combines respectful perfect -नुभएको with होला.
Removing the modal and saying जानुभयो instead reports the event.

4. Obligation versus inference

जानु पर्छ (need to go) expresses obligation; गएको हुनु पर्छ (must have gone) an inference that someone must have gone.
Distinguish required -नु action from inferred -एको हुनु (being in a completed state, part of a compound) completion.

5. Scope of negation

नआएको होला (probably has not come) supposes non-arrival; आउन सक्नुहुन्न (cannot come, respectful) expresses inability to come; आउनुभएको छैन (has not come, respectful) states non-arrival.
Preserve both the scope of negation and the presence/absence of supposition.

पर्छ has different roles in obligation and deduction.