しかない (shikanai)
~しかない — have no choice but to ~
Pattern
-
動詞辞書形+しかないverb dictionary form + しかない (歩くしかない) -
名詞+しかないnoun + しかない: only that is left (これしかない)
Meaning and use
In the pattern しか + negative, it expresses limitation to only that. After a verb it means “there is no other way, so I have to do ~.” It often follows a reason, as in バスがないので、歩くしかない. The polite form is 〜しかありません.
Compared with ほかない and だけ
〜ほかない, 〜よりほかない and 〜ざるを得ない mean similar things, but しかない is the most everyday. だけ limits in the affirmative, while しかない pairs with a negative and stresses that it is little or not enough. It also suggests choosing reluctantly, not willingly.
Examples
-
バスがないので、歩(ある)くしかない。
Basu ga nai node, aruku shika nai.
There's no bus, so I have no choice but to walk.
A reason, then the only option.
-
終電(しゅうでん)を逃(のが)したので、タクシーで帰(かえ)るしかない。
Shūden o nogashita node, takushī de kaeru shika nai.
I missed the last train, so I have no choice but to go home by taxi.
Chosen reluctantly.
-
誰(だれ)も助(たす)けてくれないなら、自分(じぶん)でやるしかない。
Dare mo tasukete kurenai nara, jibun de yaru shika nai.
If no one will help, I have no choice but to do it myself.
Also expresses resolve.
Common mistakes
- After しか a negative is required: × 歩くしかある. End with ない or ありません.
- The verb is the dictionary form: × 歩いたしかない, ○ 歩くしかない.
More grammar points
- ばよかった ~ばよかった — I should have ~, if only I had ~
- ばかりで ~ばかりで — only ~ (and nothing else, with a negative feeling)
- ばかりでなく ~ばかりでなく — not only ~ but also ~
- だけでなく ~だけでなく — not only ~ but also ~
- だけど だけど — but, however (casual)
- ふりをする ~ふりをする — pretending to ~
- 一方(いっぽう)だ ~一方だ — keeps ~ing in one direction
- 一体(いったい) 一体 — what on earth ~ (emphasizing a question)
- じゃない ~じゃない — isn't it ~! (surprise or confirmation)
- か何(なに)か ~か何か — ~ or something
- 代(か)わりに ~代わりに — instead of ~, in return for ~
- 結局(けっきょく) 結局 — in the end, after all
- きり ~きり — only ~; ever since ~
- っけ ~っけ — was it ~? (recalling)
- ことになっている ~ことになっている — it is the rule or plan that ~
- ことは~が ~ことは~が — it is true that ~, but ~
- くせに ~くせに — even though ~ (with reproach)
- も~ば~も A も ~ば B も ~ — both A and B
Practice this in the app
Mainichi JLPT turns these grammar points into daily quizzes and a readiness gauge — 100% free, no sign-up.