GRAMMAR / 29
यहाँ बस्ने मान्छे मेरो साथी हो।
yahā̃ basne mānche mero sāthī ho
The person who lives here is my friend.
Pattern and choice
-ने versus -एको noun modifiers
बस्ने मान्छे (the person who lives/sits, depending on context)
बस्ने मान्छे (the person who lives/sits, depending on context) describes someone who lives; आएको मान्छे (the person who came) someone who came. -ने often marks habitual/prospective function, -एको completion. जाने in जाने बस (the bus that goes) modifies बस; it is not the future predicate जानेछ.
Compare म पढ्ने किताब (the book I read) with मैले पढेको किताब (the book I read, completed); a completed transitive modifier can still mark its agent.
Respectful modifiers include उहाँले पढ्नुभएको किताब (the book he/she has read, respectful) and non-completed उहाँ पढ्नुहुने किताब (the book he/she reads, respectful).
Compare जो…उहाँ, agentive जसले…उहाँले, and dative जसलाई…उहाँलाई.
Each clause assigns its own participant role; do not copy a case ending mechanically between clauses.
जुन किताब (the book which…, a relative expression)…त्यो selects a particular book; जे…त्यही links whatever content/thing is intended.
In जुन किताबमा (in the book which…, a relative expression)…, the noun carries मा.
Basic personal जो is not a universal substitute for every thing.
जहाँ…त्यहाँ links place; जता…त्यता direction; जब…तब time. जहिले can introduce recurring whenever contexts.
Unlike interrogative कहाँ/कहिले, these ज-forms link clauses.
जसरी…त्यसरी links manner, जति…त्यति degree, जस्तो…त्यस्तो quality, जत्रो…त्यत्रो size. -सुकै, as in जुनसुकै/जहिलेसुकै, opens the choice to any/whenever.
See topic 23 for agreeing forms.
Place a modifier before its noun: नेपाल जाने मान्छे (the person who goes to Nepal), a person who goes to Nepal; हिजो आएको मान्छे (the person who came yesterday), a person who came yesterday.
In जो यहाँ बस्नुहुन्छ (the person who lives here, a relative clause), उहाँ मेरो साथी हुनुहुन्छ (he/she is my friend, respectful), जो introduces a person and उहाँ resumes that person.
| Relative form and reading | Function | Short example |
|---|---|---|
| जो…उहाँ jo…uhā̃ | the person who…that person | जो यहाँ बस्नुहुन्छ, उहाँ मेरो साथी हुनुहुन्छ। jo yahā̃ basnuhuncha, uhā̃ mero sāthī hunuhuncha The person who lives here is my friend. |
| जुन…त्यो jun…tyo | the entity which…that one | जुन किताब तपाईं पढ्नुहुन्छ, त्यो राम्रो छ। jun kitāb tapāĩ paḍhnuhuncha, tyo rāmro cha The book you are reading is good. |
| जे…त्यो／त्यही je…tyo / tyahī | what…that, the very thing | जे मन पर्छ, त्यही खानुहोस्। je man parcha, tyahī khānuhos Eat what you like. |
| जसले…उहाँले jasle…uhā̃le | the agent who…that agent | जसले मेहनत गर्नुहुन्छ, उहाँले सिक्नुहुन्छ। jasle mehanat garnuhuncha, uhā̃le siknuhuncha The person who makes an effort learns. |
| जसलाई…उहाँलाई jaslāī…uhā̃lāī | the person whom/to whom…that person | जसलाई पानी चाहिन्छ, उहाँलाई दिनुहोस्। jaslāī pānī cāhincha, uhā̃lāī dinuhos Give water to the person who needs it. |
| जसको・जसकी・जसका jasko / jaskī / jaskā | whose; agreement follows the possessed noun | जसको किताब हुनुहुन्छ, उहाँलाई दिनुहोस्। jasko kitāb hunuhuncha, uhā̃lāī dinuhos Give it to the person whose book it is. |
| जसमा・जुन…मा jasmā / jun…mā | in which; choose according to the referent | जुन झोलामा किताब छ, त्यो मेरो हो। jun jholāmā kitāb cha, tyo mero ho The bag that has a book in it is mine. |
| जहाँ…त्यहाँ jahā̃…tyahā̃ | where…there | जहाँ पानी छ, त्यहाँ जीवन छ। jahā̃ pānī cha, tyahā̃ jīvan cha Where there is water, there is life. |
| जहाँबाट…त्यहाँबाट jahā̃bāṭa…tyahā̃bāṭa | from where…from there | जहाँबाट आउनुभयो, त्यहाँबाट फेरि आउनुहोस्। jahā̃bāṭa āunubhayo, tyahā̃bāṭa pheri āunuhos Come again from the place you came from. |
| जता…त्यता／त्यतै jatā…tyatā / tyatai | in whichever direction…that way | जता उहाँ जानुहुन्छ, म पनि त्यतै जान्छु। jatā uhā̃ jānuhuncha, ma pani tyatai jānchu I go in the same direction as she does. |
| जब…तब jab…tab | when…then | जब पानी पर्छ, तब बाटो हिलो हुन्छ। jab pānī parcha, tab bāṭo hilo huncha When it rains, the road gets muddy. |
| जहिले jahile | when, whenever, according to context | म जहिले आउँछु, उहाँ यहाँ हुनुहुन्छ। ma jahile āũchu, uhā̃ yahā̃ hunuhuncha Whenever I come, she is here. |
| जसरी…त्यसरी jasarī…tyasarī | in the way…in that way | जसरी म गर्छु, त्यसरी गर्नुहोस्। jasarī ma garchu, tyasarī garnuhos Do it the way I do. |
| जसो…त्यसो jaso…tyaso | as things are…accordingly | जसो भन्नुहुन्छ, त्यसो गर्छु। jaso bhannuhuncha, tyaso garchu I will do as you say. |
| जति…त्यति jati…tyati | as much/many…that much/many | जति चाहिन्छ, त्यति लिनुहोस्। jati cāhincha, tyati linuhos Take as much as you need. |
| जस्तो…त्यस्तो jasto…tyasto | of whatever kind…of that kind | जस्तो चाहिन्छ, त्यस्तो छान्नुहोस्। jasto cāhincha, tyasto chānnuhos Choose the kind that you need. |
| जत्रो…त्यत्रो jatro…tyatro | of whatever size…of that size | जत्रो चाहिन्छ, त्यत्रो लिनुहोस्। jatro cāhincha, tyatro linuhos Take the size that you need. |
| जोसुकै・जुनसुकै・जेसुकै josukai / junsukai / jesukai | whoever, whichever, whatever; extension | जुनसुकै किताब लिनुहोस्। junsukai kitāb linuhos Take any book. |
| जहाँसुकै・जहिलेसुकै・जतिसुकै jahā̃sukai / jahilesukai / jatisukai | wherever, whenever, however much; extension | जहिलेसुकै आउनुहोस्। jahilesukai āunuhos Come whenever you like. |
को/कहाँ/कहिले ask questions; जो/जहाँ/जब link information.
Temporal जब…तब is not always interchangeable with conditional यदि…भने. जहिले can introduce recurring times and its use depends on context.
See topic 23 for agreement of जस्तो/जत्रो.
Adding बित्तिकै can express as soon as.
MAKE IT YOURS
यहाँ बस्ने मान्छे मेरो साथी हो।
yahā̃ basne mānche mero sāthī ho
| Word or form | Reading | Meaning in this sentence |
|---|---|---|
| यहाँ | yahā̃ | here |
| बस्ने | basne | for sitting; who lives |
| मान्छे | mānche | person |
| मेरो | mero | my |
| साथी | sāthī | friend |
| हो | ho | am; is; are |
काठमाडौं जाने बस कहाँ छ?
kāṭhmāḍaũ jāne bas kahā̃ cha?
| Word or form | Reading | Meaning in this sentence |
|---|---|---|
| काठमाडौं | kāṭhmāḍaũ | Kathmandu |
| जाने | jāne | going; that goes |
| बस | bas | sit; please sit |
| कहाँ | kahā̃ | where |
| छ | cha | is; are (existence) |
यो स्कूल जाने बाटो हो।
yo skūl jāne bāṭo ho
| Word or form | Reading | Meaning in this sentence |
|---|---|---|
| यो | yo | this |
| स्कूल | skūl | school |
| जाने | jāne | going; that goes |
| बाटो | bāṭo | road; path |
| हो | ho | am; is; are |
