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JLPT N4 · Sentence patterns

または (matawa)

または — “or”

In short · または is a conjunction that offers a choice between two or more options. It joins nouns or sentences and is more formal than や or か. It is common in forms, notices and instructions.
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Pattern

  • 名詞A + または + 名詞B ペンまたは鉛筆 / 電車またはバス
  • 文A。または、文B。 Joins sentences: 電話してください。または、メールをください。

Where it comes from

または means the same as あるいは and shows that you may choose either one. Between nouns it can join them directly with no particle (ペンまたは鉛筆).

When to use it

Use it when any of the options will do, as in 黒または青のペンで書いてください, or to set conditions on forms and notices. In casual speech, use か (ペンか鉛筆で書いて).

Things to watch

または means choosing one of the options. To include both, use と or や. With three or more items, または usually appears only before the last one.

Examples

  • ペンまたは鉛筆(えんぴつ)で書(か)いてください。

    Pen mata wa enpitsu de kaite kudasai.

    Please write with a pen or a pencil.

  • 電車(でんしゃ)またはバスで来(き)てください。

    Densha mata wa basu de kite kudasai.

    Please come by train or bus.

  • 黒(くろ)または青(あお)のペンで書(か)いてください。

    Kuro mata wa ao no pen de kaite kudasai.

    Please write with a black or blue pen.

Common mistakes

  • It does not mean both. ペンまたは鉛筆 means one of them; for both, say ペンと鉛筆.
  • It sounds stiff in casual talk, where か is normal.

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