GRAMMAR / 15
मैले यो काम गरेको छु।
maile yo kām gareko chu
I have done this work.
Pattern and choice
The -एको + छ pattern
गरेको छु (I have done it) / पढेको छु (I have read it) / गएको छु (I have gone; I have been there)
गरेको छु (I have done it) / पढेको छु (I have read it) / गएको छु (I have gone; I have been there) connect a completed action with a present result or experience.
Compare simple completed गरेँ with the compound गरेको छु (I have done it).
Compare उहाँले पढ्नुभएको छ (he/she has read it, respectful) / उहाँ जानुभएको छ (he/she has gone; has been there, respectful).
Respect is marked in -नुभएको; the basic respectful perfect here ends in छ.
This is not formed by inserting the finite present जानुहुन्छ.
मैले किताब पढेको छु (I have read the book) has a transitive agent; म नेपाल गएको छु (I have been to/gone to Nepal) has an intransitive subject.
Compound completion preserves the distinction in subject marking.
पहिले, एक पटक (once), धेरै पटक (many times) can specify experience/frequency. नेपाल गएको छु (I have been to/gone to Nepal) can express experience or a present-relevant result; it does not invariably assert that the speaker is currently in Nepal.
अझै गरेको छैन (has not done it yet) means not yet completed; कहिल्यै गरेको छैन (has never done it) means never done.
Negate the auxiliary with the छैन family, keeping the participle.
Personal forms include गरेको छैनँ (I have not done it).
| Person | Form and reading | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| I | मैले यो काम गरेको छु। maile yo kām gareko chu | I have done this work. |
| we | हामीले यो काम गरेको छौं। hāmīle yo kām gareko chaũ | We have done this work. |
| you | तपाईंले यो काम गर्नुभएको छ। tapāĩle yo kām garnubhaeko cha | You have done this work. |
| you plural | तपाईंहरूले यो काम गर्नुभएको छ। tapāĩharūle yo kām garnubhaeko cha | You have done this work. |
| he/she | उहाँले यो काम गर्नुभएको छ। uhā̃le yo kām garnubhaeko cha | She has done this work. |
| they | उहाँहरूले यो काम गर्नुभएको छ। uhā̃harūle yo kām garnubhaeko cha | They have done this work. |
MAKE IT YOURS
मैले यो काम गरेको छु।
maile yo kām gareko chu
| Word or form | Reading | Meaning in this sentence |
|---|---|---|
| मैले | maile | I (agent) |
| यो | yo | this |
| काम | kām | work |
| गरेको | gareko | done |
| छु | chu | have; has (perfect auxiliary) |
तपाईंले यो काम गर्नुभएको छ?
tapāĩle yo kām garnubhaeko cha?
| Word or form | Reading | Meaning in this sentence |
|---|---|---|
| तपाईंले | tapāĩle | you (respectful agent) |
| यो | yo | this |
| काम | kām | work |
| गर्नुभएको | garnubhaeko | done (respectful perfect participle) |
| छ | cha | have; has (perfect auxiliary) |
मैले सुशी खाएको छु।
maile suśī khāeko chu
| Word or form | Reading | Meaning in this sentence |
|---|---|---|
| मैले | maile | I (agent) |
| सुशी | suśī | sushi |
| खाएको | khāeko | eaten |
| छु | chu | have; has (perfect auxiliary) |
