It gets cold in winter.
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जाडोमा चिसो हुन्छ।
jāḍomā ciso huncha
| Word or form | Reading | Meaning in this sentence |
|---|---|---|
| जाडोमा | jāḍomā | in winter |
| चिसो | ciso | cold |
| हुन्छ | huncha | becomes |
GRAMMAR / 04
हुन्छ: becomes / generally is (habitual, change)
जाडोमा चिसो हुन्छ।
jāḍomā ciso huncha
It gets cold in winter.
Pattern and choice
छ versus हुन्छ
आज चिसो छ (it is cold today)
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② Nepali grammar rules
1. छ versus हुन्छ
आज चिसो छ (it is cold today) describes today's condition; जाडोमा चिसो हुन्छ (it is cold in winter generally) describes winter generally. हुन्छ can express a regular or conditional state, not only a change translated as become.
2. Habitual location
Compare म अहिले घरमा छु (I am at home now) with म बिहान घरमा हुन्छु (I am usually at home in the morning). अहिले anchors now; बिहान can supply a recurring morning setting.
I takes हुन्छु, we हुन्छौं, rather than invariant हुन्छ.
3. हुँदैन versus छैन
यहाँ हल्ला हुँदैन (there is usually no noise here) can describe the usual absence of noise; अहिले हल्ला छैन (there is no noise now) describes the present situation.
Negate the हुन्छ family with हुँदैन, हुँदिनँ, हुँदैनौं, or respectful हुनुहुन्न.
4. भयो versus थियो
काम भयो (the work was done/accomplished) presents work as completed/accomplished; काम थियो (there was work) says there was work.
Distinguish the past state थियो from the occurrence/change भयो rather than substituting भयो for every past छ.
5. बन्नु and permissive हुन्छ
डाक्टर बन्नु (to become a doctor) uses बन्नु for becoming a doctor.
In जान हुन्छ? (it is permissible to go), हुन्छ belongs to a permission construction, not a description of regular conditions.
Compare permission and prohibition in topic 21.
हुनु: three sets and matching forms
| Form and reading | Information supplied | Corresponding lesson |
|---|---|---|
| हो / ho | Identity/classification: name, occupation, category | Topic 1 |
| छ / cha | Existence/location or a quality/condition | Topic 2: existence/location; topic 3: qualities/conditions |
| हुन्छ / huncha | Regular/conditional states, occurrences and outcomes | Topic 4; also permission in 21 and prohibition in 19 |
| Compare with the same subject | Meaning | Why this set? |
|---|---|---|
| म विद्यार्थी हुँ। ma vidyārthī hũ | I am a student. | Identity, so the हो set: topic 1 |
| म घरमा छु। ma gharmā chu | I am at home. | Location, so the छ set: topic 2 |
| म बिहान घरमा हुन्छु। ma bihān gharmā hunchu | I am usually at home in the morning. | A regular time setting, so the हुन्छ set: topic 4 |
हुन्छ set: six basic person groups, positive and negative
| Person and reading | Positive and reading | Negative and reading |
|---|---|---|
| I म / ma | हुन्छु / hunchu | हुँदिनँ / hũdinã |
| we हामी / hāmī | हुन्छौं / hunchaũ | हुँदैनौं / hũdainaũ |
| you तपाईं / tapāĩ | हुनुहुन्छ / hunuhuncha | हुनुहुन्न / hunuhunna |
| you plural तपाईंहरू / tapāĩharū | हुनुहुन्छ / hunuhuncha | हुनुहुन्न / hunuhunna |
| he/she उहाँ / uhā̃ | हुनुहुन्छ / hunuhuncha | हुनुहुन्न / hunuhunna |
| they उहाँहरू / uhā̃harū | हुनुहुन्छ / hunuhuncha | हुनुहुन्न / hunuhunna |
Being cold now and getting cold in winter take different perspectives. भयो is one form used for a change that has happened.
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The days get long in summer.
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गर्मीमा दिन लामो हुन्छ।
garmīmā din lāmo huncha
| Word or form | Reading | Meaning in this sentence |
|---|---|---|
| गर्मीमा | garmīmā | in summer |
| दिन | din | day; daylight |
| लामो | lāmo | long |
| हुन्छ | huncha | becomes |
It is quiet here in the morning.
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यहाँ बिहान शान्त हुन्छ।
yahā̃ bihān śānta huncha
| Word or form | Reading | Meaning in this sentence |
|---|---|---|
| यहाँ | yahā̃ | here |
| बिहान | bihān | morning |
| शान्त | śānta | quiet |
| हुन्छ | huncha | becomes |