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JLPT N3 · Verb forms

ずに (zuni)

~ずに — “without ~ing”

In short · A slightly formal way to say ~ないで: do something without doing the first action. It attaches to the ない-form with ない replaced by ず. する becomes せず. Common in writing and everyday speech.
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Pattern

  • 動詞ない形の「ない」→「ず」+に 食べない → 食べずに, 持たない → 持たずに
  • する → せずに 相談する → 相談せずに (not しずに)

Making the form

Replace ない with ず: 食べない → 食べずに, 持たない → 持たずに. The only exception is する → せずに (not しずに). Also in expressions like 知らずに.

Meaning

A ずに B means B is done in a situation where A is not done. 傘を持たずに出かけて: went out without taking an umbrella. It shows the manner or condition of B.

Compared with ~ないで

The meaning is almost the same. ~ずに sounds more careful and is common in writing, while ~ないで is more casual. Note: unlike ~ないで, it does not make the polite request ~ないでください.

Examples

  • 朝(あさ)ご飯(はん)を食(た)べずに来(き)ました。

    Asagohan o tabezu ni kimashita.

    I came without eating breakfast.

  • 傘(かさ)を持(も)たずに出(で)かけて、ずぶ濡(ぬ)れになった。

    Kasa o motazu ni dekakete, zubunure ni natta.

    I went out without an umbrella and got soaked.

  • だれにも相談(そうだん)せずに、一人(ひとり)で決(き)めてしまった。

    Dare ni mo soudan sezu ni, hitori de kimete shimatta.

    I decided on my own without consulting anyone.

    する becomes せず, not しず.

Common mistakes

  • する is the exception: 相談せずに, not 相談しずに.
  • For a request (“please don’t ~”), use ~ないでください, not ~ずにください.

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