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JLPT N4 · Sentence patterns

て / で (te / de)

~て / ~で — joining clauses with the te-form

In short · The te-form links clauses: actions in order (食べて、走った), a reason (風邪をひいて、休んだ), or listed features (安くて、おいしい). I-adjectives use ~くて; na-adjectives and nouns use ~で.
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Pattern

  • 動詞て形 Verb te-form (食べて、走る)
  • い形容詞:〜くて I-adjective ~くて (安くて、おいしい)
  • な形容詞・名詞:〜で Na-adjective / noun ~で (静かで、きれい)

Three roles

Sequence (食べて、走る), cause or reason (風邪をひいて、休んだ), and listing (安くて、おいしい). Context tells which is meant.

Tense

The tense is set by the final predicate. Do not put た on the earlier part (× 食べたて).

Examples

  • 風邪(かぜ)をひいて、学校(がっこう)を休(やす)みました。

    Kaze o hiite, gakkō o yasumimashita.

    I caught a cold and was absent from school.

  • 朝(あさ)ご飯(はん)を食(た)べて、公園(こうえん)を走(はし)りました。

    Asa gohan o tabete, kōen o hashirimashita.

    I ate breakfast and then ran in the park.

  • この店(みせ)は安(やす)くて、料理(りょうり)もおいしいです。

    Kono mise wa yasukute, ryōri mo oishii desu.

    This restaurant is cheap and the food is delicious too.

Common mistakes

  • After a reason-て you cannot put a request, command or intention (× 忙しくて手伝ってください).
  • Keep the earlier clause tenseless; only the last predicate takes the past.

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