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JLPT N4 · Time & sequence

間(あいだ)に (aida ni)

~間に — “while ~ (something happens during that time)”

In short · 間に means that something happens at some point within a period while a continuing state or action lasts. The period is often shown by a ~ている form. It follows a noun-modifying clause: plain form, or noun + の.
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Pattern

  • 動詞ている形+間に V-ている + 間に (出かけている間に)
  • 名詞+の+間に noun + の + 間に (休みの間に)

Connection

Before 間に use a state or ongoing action, mostly in the ~ている form: 母が出かけている間に, 子どもが寝ている間に. After a noun, use の: 休みの間に.

A point inside the period

間に stresses that an action takes place and finishes within that period. 母が出かけている間に、部屋を掃除しました means the cleaning was done during her absence. The main verb is usually a single action.

Compared with 間

間 (without に) means the main action continues throughout the whole period: 子どもが寝ている間、本を読んでいました (I kept reading the whole time). Use 間に for a one-time action, and 間 for a continuing one.

Examples

  • 母(はは)が出(で)かけている間(あいだ)に、部屋(へや)を掃除(そうじ)しました。

    Haha ga dekakete iru aida ni, heya o sōji shimashita.

    While my mother was out, I cleaned the room.

    出かけている marks the period.

  • 電車(でんしゃ)に乗(の)っている間(あいだ)に、本(ほん)を読(よ)んだ。

    Densha ni notte iru aida ni, hon o yonda.

    While I was on the train, I read a book.

    The sentence ends in the plain form (casual).

  • 子(こ)どもが寝(ね)ている間(あいだ)に、料理(りょうり)を作(つく)った。

    Kodomo ga nete iru aida ni, ryōri o tsukutta.

    While the child was sleeping, I made some food.

    Making use of the free time.

Common mistakes

  • Use ~ている (a continuing state) before 間に. A one-time verb like 出かける alone doesn't show a period: 出かけている間に.
  • To say the main action lasts the whole time, use 間 without に.

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